Comparative studies of technologies for active and passive protection in industrial plants

Abstract

In industrial plants, the protection of critical facilities requires active systems (energy mobilization, sensors, actuators, suppression) and passive systems (isolation, dissipation, mechanical barriers). Passive systems offer simplicity, low energy dependence, and reduced maintenance, but they tend to be less adaptable and precise. For example, products such as isolation valves or explosion venting systems are activated by physical changes (pressure, fuse) without energy consumption. In corrosion or structural degradation, passive methods include coatings, inhibitors, and protective films, extending lifespan, although without eliminating aggressors. Active systems, on the other hand, use sensors, actuators, and control logic to detect events (explosions, fires, vibrations) and apply countermeasures, such as chemical suppression, active isolation, or dissipation through active mass. They offer high responsiveness and adaptability, but require energy, continuous maintenance, and greater complexity. There are also semi-active or hybrid systems, such as magnetorheological dampers or digital twins, that combine adaptability with low energy consumption.